FAQ/de

Inhalt und Quellen

Wozu dient diese Datenbank?

In Wikibase Résistance sind die Daten zu über 150 000 Personnen gesammelt, die im Zweiten Weltkrieg in Belgien Widerstand gegen den Besatzer geleistet haben. Ihr Engagement hat nach dem Krieg dazu geführt, dass die öffentlichen Behörden und die Widerstandsbewegungen selbst zahlreiche persönliche Akten im Rahmen der Anerkennung als Widerstandskämpfer durch den Staat angelegt haben. Die Daten in der Datenbank stammen aus diesen Akten (bzw. Vorbereitungsformularen und -blättern) und verweisen auf die entsprechenden Archivbestände.

Die Datenbank enthält ferner Informationen über die Widerstandsbewegungen und -netzwerke, die zugehörigen Archivbestände und zahlreiche Untergrundzeitungen. Falls möglich wurde eine Verknüpfung mit dem Wikidata-Identifikator des Widerstandskämpfers hergestellt, sodass die Daten durch externe Quellen ergänzt werden können.

Welche Informationen sind in der Datenbank zu finden?

Die Reichhaltigkeit der zur Verfügung gestellten Informationen hängt von der Art der Archivdokumente und des verwendeten Einspeisungsverfahrens ab. Die Datenbank enthält sowohl biographische Angaben (Name, Vorname, Sprache, Staatsbürgerschaft, Geburtsdatum und -ort, Todesdatum, Personenstand, Beruf und Wohnort) als auch Informationen zu den Widerstandstätigkeiten der Person (Widerstandsbewegung oder -netzwerk, Zeitung und Funktion im Rahmen der Untergrundpresse, wichtigste Inhaftierungsdaten, Informationen zur Beantragung einer nationalen Anerkennung als Widerstandskämpfer, Foto, Anmerkungen). Für jede Personenbeschreibung wird die Inventarnummer angegeben, mit der die zugehörige Akte in den Archivbeständen des Staatsarchivs ausfindig gemacht werden kann.

Woher stammen die Daten?

Die Daten stammen aus den Auskunftsblättern, Formularen und vor allem den persönlichen Akten, die vom CegeSoma, dem Archivdienst für Kriegsopfer und dem Generalstaatsarchiv verwaltet werden. Es handelt sich hierbei um Unterlagen, die angelegt wurden, um einen von fünf Status nationaler Anerkennung zu erhalten, die durch den belgischen Staat zwischen 1944 und 1948 verliehen wurden, um Personen zu würdigen, auszuzeichnen und zu entschädigen, die im besetzten Land den Feind bekämpft haben. Alle Statuskategorien zusammengenommen stammen die Daten aus über 350 000 persönlichen Akten, die bei Anträgen von 150 000 bis 170 000 Personen (oder deren Hinterbliebene bzw. Anspruchsberechtigte im Todesfall) angelegt wurden und letztendlich online zur Verfügung stehen werden.

Die Daten wurden aus folgenden Quellen eingespeist:

Vom CegeSoma verwaltete Archivbestände

• Die von der Staatssicherheit angelegten und meist vorbereitenden Akten über den Status als Interventions- und Geheimdienstagent

• Die von folgenden Widerstandsbewegungen angelegten Vorbereitungsakten über den Status als bewaffneter Widerstandskämpfer (oder für Ehrenauszeichnungen):
  • Les Affranchis (unvollständig)
  • Front de l'indépendance (Milices patriotiques et Partisans armés) (sehr unvollständig)
  • Groupe G
  • Les Insoumis
  • Kempisch Legioen
  • L.100
  • Mouvement national royaliste (unvollständig)
  • Nola
  • Organisation militaire belge de Résistance (unvollständig)
  • Service D (unvollständig)
  • Witte Brigade Fidelio

• Die von folgenden Widerstandsbewegungen angelegten Vorbereitungsblätter, -formulare und -akten für den Status als Widerstandskämpfer in der Untergrundpresse:
  • Front de l'indépendance
  • Union nationale de la presse clandestine

• Die von der folgenden Widerstandsbewegung angelegten Vorbereitungsformulare für den Status als ziviler Widerstandskämpfer:
  • Front de l'indépendance

Vom Archivdienst für Kriegsopfer verwaltete Archivbestände

• Akten über den Status als Widerstandskämpfer in der Untergrundpresse

• Akten über den Status als ziviler Widerstandskämpfer

Beim Generalstaatsarchiv aufbewahrte Archivbestände

• Akten des Office de la Résistance über den Status als bewaffneter Widerstandskämpfer.

Wurden alle Daten übersetzt?

Wir setzen alles daran, dass die Mehrheit der Daten in Französisch, Niederländisch, Deutsch und Englisch verfügbar sind. Aufgrund begrenzter Mittel wurden jedoch nicht alle Datenpunkte übersetzt. Dies ist beispielsweise der Fall bei den Berufen (in der Sprache der entsprechenden Akte eingegeben) oder den Anmerkungen (in der Muttersprache der Person verfasst, die die Daten eingespeist hat).

Wie bleibe ich über die Einspeisung neuer Daten auf dem Laufenden?

Diese Informationen werden auf der Startseite der Plattform sowie auf der Facebook-Seite des CegeSoma und in den Newslettern von CegeSoma und Staatsarchiv veröffentlicht.

Nachforschungen anstellen

Wie stelle ich Nachforschungen in Wikibase Resistance an?

Es gibt zwei Suchmethoden:

• Einfache Suche: einen Suchbegriff (Name einer Person, Widerstandsbewegung oder Untergrundzeitung) in die Suchleiste eingeben und das gewünschte Ergebnis anklicken. Alle Informationen zum eingegebenen Suchbegriff werden nun angezeigt. Diese Suchmethode eignet sich am besten, um Informationen über ein bestimmtes Rechercheelement zu finden. + Beispiel

• Advanced or transversal search : This is a more complex search method intended for experienced researchers that yields more in-depth results. It allows for research into all the data by combining different search criteria, for example a search for all persons residing in a particular municipality or belonging to a particular resistance network. A selection of predefined queries (SPARQL) is available [lien] that allows you to test the capabilities of the search tool (access via https://query.data.arch.be). These search queries can then be adapted and customised to your personal research needs. A video tutorial is also available online [lien].

How to combine different search criteria?

By combining different search criteria, you obtain results listing for example all members of Groupe G, the denominations of all underground journals, or all women born after 1915 that were active in the Armée secrète.

The best way to fully benefit from the richness of the information held in Wikibase Resistance is to use SPARQL queries. While it is a rather complex query language, no prerequisites are necessary to apply it using predefined queries. Via this link you can, for example, access a SPARQL query intended to list all members of Groupe G, inluding their date of birth and place of residence during the war. Other search query examples are available on this page: Learn how to write SPARQL queries with our video tutorial. :

Why does it take so long for the search results to be displayed?

The delay may be due to the complexity of the SPARQL query, to the amount of data that must be retrieved or to peak traffic time on the platform which may cause a slow-down of the servers.

Data unavailable, false or incomplete

I search for the name of a person but no result is displayed. Why?

This may be due to different reasons:

• First, not all data are available online yet: Four publishing phases
  are scheduled between 2024 and 2027.
• Second, in compliance with data protection legislation (GDPR), only data about persons who are deceased or persons whose date of birth – dating back 100 years or more – suggests that the person is now deceased are published on the plateform.
• Third, maybe the person in question – or his/her relatives if the person died during the war – did not file a request to obtain the status of resistance fighter despite having carried out interventions during the war to harm the occupant. This is notably the case for most foreigners, for which it was very difficult or even impossible to obtain the status of resistance fighter, for women who, for cultural reasons, deemed it not necessary to undertake these steps towards recognition, and for many less-educated people who were discuraged by the complexity of the administrative formalities to be completed. Consequently, no files were opened about these persons.
• Fourth, some files may be lost.
• Fifth, only the data from the files held by the State Archives can be fed to the Wikibase Resistance database. Yet, several armed resistance movements such as Armée de la Libération, Armée secrète, Milices patriotiques and Partisans armés du Front de l’indépendance, Mouvement national belge did not tranfer the personal files of their members to the State Archives (this is also partly the case for service D). As private organisations these movements are indeed not obliged to hand over their records to the State Archives.
• Finally, we invite you to try out other search terms: Maybe a person was recorded under her maiden name or a different spelling of the name. If the issue persists, you can always contact us.

My SPARQL query does not yield any result. Why?

The search criteria may be too specific and no person corresponds to all the queried characteristics. In this case, we advise you to relaunch a query using less criteria or with the specification “optional” at the start of the query line (see example).

The amount of information available may be different from one person to the other and sometimes data is missing. Why?

Some information may be missing because they were not recorded in the archive documents. For example, the files opened for the procedure to obtain the status of armed resistance fighter are much less exhaustive than those opend for other status procedures. Furthermore, some information such as language, nationality, place of birth, civil status or profession may not have been recorded in the database due to the processing time required: priority was given to known resistance fighters and to victims of the occupant for which all data are available through the questionnaire we set up or whose data can be obtained relatively quickly.

It seems that some information are contradictory depending on the file from which they originate. Why is that and how do I know which data is reliable?

• During the database feeding process, some data may have been introduced erroneously and upon verification the error was not noticed.
• Some information may have already been erroneous in the original files. Knowing which data are reliable may then prove to be difficult. However, the data originating from the status files are usually more reliable than those of the preparatory files.
• Some information may have changed during the time between the occupation period and the years in which the files were opened, thus between 1945 and 1960. The database team has always sought to record the data stemming from the time closest to the occupation period, but they often date from the immediate postwar period. Yet in some status files such as Statut Presse clandestine and Résistance civile, the civil status, profession and place of residence during the occupation were recorded nevertheless, which may explain discrepancies with data from other sheets, forms or files.

I have noticed content errors. Who should I contact?

The database feeding is a long-term work. Despite the vigilance of our team, errors may occur. If you find one, feel free to contact us.

Re-use of data

How to save search results?

In the case of a simple search query, just save the links (URL) to the pages in question. We use unique and permanent identifiers that allow you to easily find back a specific “item” of Wikibase Resistance or to refer to it.

In the case of SPARQL queries, you can export the collected data (using the Download tab in the top right corner of the search results) in different formats: CSV (file type that can be opened using Excel), TSV or JSON. You can also save your search query line (by generating a link using the Link tab in the top right corner of the search results) and open it later or share it with others.

How do I quote items from the database?

Please consult our information page.

Access to paper archives

I would like to access personal files for further research. How to proceed?

These files are kept in the different repositories of the State Archives across Belgium. They are not digitised and must be accessed in the reading room. Here is how to proceed:

1. At the bottom of each entry about a person a reference specifies which archive fonds contain a personal file about the person, including the corresponding file number or inventory number. exemple
2. Click on the reference of the archive fonds to display further information such as the repository where the original file is kept and the link to the related online inventory if available.
3. With these information you can contact the repository to organise your visit to the reading room in order to access the file(s) about the person in question. Please note: In some cases, prior authorisation is required to access a file. Access conditions (and necessary authorisations from third parties) can be provided by the competent archive service.

Participation in the project

I have complementary information that I would like to add. Is this possible?

We are currently focussing our efforts on the feeding of the database and online publication of data originating from the personal files held by the State Archives only. In the long term we may consider the integration of data from external sources however.

I take great interest in the Second World War and would like to contribute to the project. Are you looking for trainees/volunteers?

Everyone who would like to join the project as trainee or volunteer is welcome. The conditions for this committment are the following: dedicate at least three months (trainees) or one day per week (volunteers) to the project; have a good passive command of the French or Dutch language, and preferably of both languages; have analytical skills, be capable of accurately applying multiple instructions; enjoy team work. Please contact Fabrice Maerten to discuss the details.

I work for an institution that also holds archives about the resistance in Belgium. Is there a possibility to collaborate?

We are currently focussing our efforts on the feeding of the database and online publication of data originating from the archive documents held by the State Archives only. However, we encourage you to establish links between your finding aids and Wikibase Résistance using the unique and permanent identifiers allocated to all the persons listed in the database. In the long term we may consider the integration of data from external sources however. For other types of collaboration you can always contact us.

Specificities of the personal files of resistance fighters

What is the use of the preparatory files when the status files are available?

• The preparatory files, forms and sheets are of particular interest with regard to the Status of armed resistance fighter because the information they contain about the activities of the person in question are usually more exhaustive than the files opened by the Office de la Résistance, which are very laconic on the matter.
• The status files Statut Presse clandestine and Résistance civile usually hold only scarce information when the person decided at an early stage of the procedure to no longer seek to obtain the status. In these cases, the preparatory files, forms and sheets produced by the Union nationale de la presse clandestine or the Front de l'indépendance may prove to be highly valuable for research.
• In some cases, for example in the files and sheets produced by the Union de la presse clandestine, but also in the preparatory files opened by certain movements such as Les Insoumis, identity photos were added, which is almost never the case in the status files.

Why do we not have the preparatory files of all the armed resistance movements

Because the records of some of these movements are not kept by the State Archives:

• The records of Armée de la Libération, Armée secrète and Mouvement national belge are kept and managed by Service général du Renseignement et de la Sécurité - Section des Archives Classifiées (Quartier Reine Elisabeth, bloc 15, rue d’Evere, 1 in 1140 Evere, contact by email);
• The records of Armée belge des Partisans (or Partisans armés) and Milices patriotiques are kept and managed by Musée de la Résistance de Belgique (rue Van Lint, 14 in 1070 Anderlecht, contact: Samuel Pauwels);
• The records of Service D are kept and managed by Atelier liégeois pour la promotion de l’histoire et des archives sociales (ALPHAS, Esp. de la Mairie 1, 4102 Seraing, contact).

Why do we not have all preparatory files of the members of the armed resistance movements whose personal files are kept by the State Archives?

Unfortunately, some of these record series are incomplete. This in particular the case with regard to the files of Les Affranchis, Mouvement national royaliste and Organisation militaire belge de Résistance. Also, the State Archives do not hold the preparatory files of Armée belge des Partisans (or Partisans armés), Milices patriotiques and Service D, only highly fragmented secondary record series.

Why do we only have the preparatory files opened by the State Security Service (Sûreté de l’Etat/Staatsveiligheid) for the granting of the Status of intelligence and intervention agent and not the official status recognition files opened by Defence?

These official files were found back only recently and require special treatment and reclassification before being made available to the public and eventually fed to the database within the framework of the project Wikibase Resistance. Furthermore, feeding these official files to the database is not a priority because they are usually much less rich in information than the preparatory files established by Sûreté de l’État/Staatsveiligheid: Their (almost) sole use lies in the existence of files about persons not included in the files of Sûreté de l’État/Staatsveiligheid, which is only rarely the case in our view.

Why are there more files about members of Groupe G and Nola than about members of other armed resistance movements?

Because these movements are partcicular in that they were recognised by the Belgian state as both armed resistance movements and as intelligence and intervention networks. Therefore, their members may have 4 files: 1 preparatory file and 1 file of the Office de la Résistance opened within the procedure for the Status of armed resistance fighter; and 1 file of Sûreté de l’Etat/Staatsveiligheid and 1 file established by Defense within the procedure for the Status of intelligence and intervention agent (reminder: these last files are not yet accessible).

Specific features of the platform

Which are the advantages of Wikibase Resistance?

Wikibase Resistance is based on the free software Wikibase, initially created for the management of the general knowledge base Wikidata. It is a research tool that can accomodate structured and multilingual data that can be read by both humans and machines. Each described term is identified through a unique identifier, and a description and semantic fields provide it with properties. These characteristics make it possible to multiply the options for exploring and visualising the data, but also to offer more context information and to open up the collections by linking them to external data. Procedures are thus put in place to align persons with corresponding Wikidata entries, while the places (birth, residence, death) are are linked to external resources such as Wikidata or GeoNames. By connecting these data, we can obtain other references such as ODIS identifiers or SNAC (Social Networks and Archival Context) that may help users find other resources or archival collections in Belgium or abroad.

Which is the connection between the database and the search engine of the State Archives (search.arch.be)?

Wikibase Résistance is the result of a pilot project of CegeSoma/State Archives aimed at exploiting the technologies of the semantic Web to offer new ways of accessing data. The database is connected to the search engine of the State Archives in two ways: First, the references of archive fonds about the resistance refer to the corresponding inventories available online via search.arch.be. Second, in the medium term, a copy of the data about resistance fighters shall be made available via the module Search persons.

Why is the domain name data.arch.be?

For the time being, only data from the project Wikibase Resistance are stored on the platform. In the long term however, it can not be excluded that this infrastructure gets used for other projects too that abide by the principle of FAIR data: findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable. In order to ensure the long-term reliability of the URIs (Uniform Resource Identifiers) associated with the data about the resistance, we chose to use a more generic denomination in accordance with the standards of the archive, museum and library sector.